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Latin Music

Añá The Divine Voice of the Batá Drums and Their Ancestral Heartbeat

In the vast universe of Afro-Cuban spirituality and Yoruba tradition, batá drums are not merely musical instruments: they are living, consecrated entities.

Tambores Añá La Voz Divina de los Batá y su Latido AncestralTambores Añá La Voz Divina de los Batá y su Latido Ancestral
Tambores Añá La Voz Divina de los Batá y su Latido AncestralTambores Añá La Voz Divina de los Batá y su Latido Ancestral

The soul that resides within these sacred drums is known as Añá (or Aña), the deity (orisha) of divine sound and primordial vibration. To speak of the Añá drums is to enter a direct channel of communication between the earthly realm and the spiritual world.

Origin: The Secret Born in Yoruba Land

The presence of Añá dates back to the ancient Yoruba Empire (in present-day Nigeria and Benin). In Yoruba mythology, the deity Añá represents the divine voice and breath through which Olodumare (the Creator) ordered the cosmos.

To encapsulate this force, a sacramental trio of hourglass-shaped, hand-carved wooden drums was structured:

Iyá: The mother drum, lowest in pitch, responsible for leading the liturgy and performing improvisations.

Iyá El tambor madre
Iyá El tambor madre

Itótele: The medium drum, which engages in a direct dialogue with the Iyá.

Itótele El tambor mediano
Itótele El tambor mediano

Okónkolo: The smallest drum, responsible for holding down the rhythmic foundation.

Okónkolo El más pequeño
Okónkolo El más pequeño

Consecrating a set of batá drums with the fundamento (sacred core) of Añá requires strict liturgical rites involving sacred botany (omiero), prayers, and offerings so that the deity takes permanent residence within the wood. Only sworn priests, known as Omo Añá or Oluwos Batá, are authorized to play these sacred instruments.

Evolution: The Transatlantic Journey and the Cuban Flourishing

Through the transatlantic slave trade during the colonial era, Yoruba scholars arrived in the Caribbean primarily in Cuba under the Lucumí designation. Despite the oppressive conditions, practitioners fiercely preserved the secret of Añá.

Toward the second half of the 19th century, in the town of Guanabacoa (Havana), the first set of Añá drums consecrated on American soil was consecrated and baptized. In this new sociocultural environment, the ancestral rhythms remained intact within the liturgy of Regla de Ocha (Santería).

The drumming patterns evolved into a complex system of tonal languages where the drum does not merely accompany, but speaks to and summons each orisha through specific rhythmic phrasing.

Significance: A Tonal Language Between Humanity and Orishas

The importance of the Añá drums lies in their mystical function: they serve as the sacred bridge that harmonizes the Ori (an individual’s head and destiny) with the deities and ancestors.

In Lucumí cosmogony, Añá’s vibration possesses the power to alter the state of consciousness of the initiated, facilitating spiritual trance or possession through which the deity descends to earth.

“Añá does not play to entertain the human ear, but to summon the spirit and maintain cosmic balance through sound.”

Furthermore, on a musical level, it represents one of the most complex rhythmic legacies on the planet. Its polyrhythmic technique has had an immeasurable influence on the development of Afro-Cuban music, Latin jazz, and salsa.

Present Day: Preservation of Faith and Global Expansion

Today, the Añá tradition experiences a dual phenomenon: the rigorous preservation of its rituals and a remarkable global expansion.

Although the secrets required to consecrate a legitimate Añá remain closely guarded under strict priestly discretion, Santería worship and admiration for batá percussion have transcended the borders of Cuba and Nigeria.

Today, there are consecrated Añá drum sets established by babalawos and Omo Añá in countries such as the United States, Venezuela, Mexico, Spain, and Puerto Rico.

Los Tamborea Bata son entidades vivas y consagradas
Los Tamborea Bata son entidades vivas y consagradas

While non-sacred batá drums (known as aberikuló, which do not carry the secret of Añá) are used freely on secular stages, true Añá drums remain reserved exclusively for private ceremonies, keeping alive the voice of an ancient deity.

To visually understand how the drum’s sound articulates the liturgical call within the tradition, check out the resource “The Function of Añá Within Batá Drums.”

 

Also Read: Pancho Quinto Is Considered One of Cuba’s Great Rumberos

International Salsa Magazine Recommends:

Añá Loógúnsi Fundamento Drum

The Antaños del Stadium: Echoes, Memory, and Rhythm of Cañonera Caracas

From the Baseball Diamond to Venezuela’s Musical HeartVenezuelan popular music preserves one of the most cherished and iconic pillars of its urban identity: Los Antaños del Stadium.

 

Los Antaños del Estadio Ecos Memoria y Ritmo de la Caracas Cañonera
Los Antaños del Estadio Ecos Memoria y Ritmo de la Caracas Cañonera

Emerging in the mid-20th century, this ensemble not only rescued the musical traditions of early 20th-century Caracas, but also transformed merengue caraqueño, guasa, and pasodoble into a living bridge between the city’s colonial past and the nation’s modernity.

Origins: Born on the Baseball Field

The group’s history dates back to 1946, when musician and athlete Jacobo Espinoza decided to assemble a group of instrumentalists to liven up baseball games at the former San Agustín Stadium home to the legendary Cervecería Caracas team.

It was in that setting, where a passion for sports met a festive atmosphere, that the group was born under its original name: Los Cañoneros del Estadio.

Notas Nacidas en el Campo de Juego
Notas Nacidas en el Campo de Juego

The ensemble adopted the aesthetic and sound of the old cañonero bands, which swept through the streets, plazas, and dance halls (mabilas) of Caracas in the early 20th century, announcing local festivities to the beat of the bass drum, cymbals, saxophone, and snare drum.

What began as an initiative to entertain fans in the stands took deep root in Venezuelan popular culture.

Evolution: Consolidating the Cañonero Sound

Over the decades, the group expanded from sports stadiums to radio airwaves, television, and studio recordings. Under the musical direction of the distinguished saxophonist Aníbal Escobar who defined the group’s signature melodic style for over 50 years—and the leadership of Jacobo Espinoza, the ensemble forged an unmistakable sound.

Jacobo Espinoza el ensamble definió un estilo inconfundible
Jacobo Espinoza el ensamble definió un estilo inconfundible

Traditional genres that were at risk of fading into obscurity—such as merengue rucaneao (characterized by its infectious 5/8 time signature), the pasodoble criollo, guasa, polka, and waltz—found in Los Antaños del Stadium a vehicle for their preservation and renewal.

Following the founder’s passing, his children, Enrique and Nicol Espinoza, took over the reins, staying true to the iconic acoustic and instrumental format that defined the group.

Significance: Guardians of Venezuelan Heritage

The legacy of Los Antaños del Stadium lies in having immortalized the soundtrack of “The Caracas of the Red-Tile Roofs” (La Caracas de los Techos Rojos). With a discography spanning more than 20 albums, they immortalized essential pieces of the national songbook, such as “Carmen la que contaba 16 años,” “El Norte es una Quimera,” and “Alma Cumanesa.”

Antaños del Stadium llevan el sonido caraqueño al Centro Cultural BOD Escrito por Team Aliado Publicado 26 Jul 2019
Antaños del Stadium
llevan el sonido caraqueño al
Centro Cultural BOD
Escrito por Team Aliado
Publicado 26 Jul 2019

In 1996, marking a half-century of uninterrupted artistic work, the group was declared Musical Cultural Heritage of the City of Caracas.

Their legacy goes far beyond mere performance: they serve as a historical and methodological benchmark for all generations and música cañonera ensembles formed in Venezuela over recent decades.

Today: A Living Legend in the 21st Century

With over seven decades of continuous history, Los Antaños del Estadio remain active as one of the longest-running groups in Venezuelan music.

Although the urban landscape of Caracas has changed, the group continues to perform at festivals, cultural centers, and heritage events, proving that merengue caraqueño retains its vitality and festive charm.

.

Antaños del Estadio
Antaños del Estadio

From left to right:

Rafael Escobar: Bajo

Prof. Carlos Espinoza: Bombardino

Maestro Aníbal Escobar: Saxofón y Director Musical

José Gregorio Ascanio, “Melao”: Tumbadora

Miguel La O Álvarez: Cantante

Sra. Nikol Espinoza Mata: Cantante

Juan Ramón Pedrón: Batería

Luis Alfredo Planas: Cuatro

Enrique Espinoza Mata: Cantante y Percusión

Andrés Romero, “Tapón”: Trompeta

Today, the Espinoza family’s legacy stands as a testament to cultural resilience and popular joy. Los Antaños del Stadium represent far more than mere nostalgia for the past; they are living proof that a city’s musical memory can remain vibrant, energetic, and resonant across generations.

This live performance of the group playing their classic merengue rucaneao perfectly showcases the style, festive energy, and traditional sound that have defined them throughout their long and storied career.

Also Read: Porfi Jiménez The Master of Rhythm Who United Two Nations

It is a pleasure to welcome Erim Kardes and Gustavo del Pino from Los Calicubanos to ISM

We are very happy to share a little with musical director, Erim Kardes, and pianist, Gustavo Del Pino, of the band Los Calicubanos, from whom we had the pleasure to hear a bit about their individual careers and the foundation of their current group.

The interview, conducted in both English and Spanish, touched on some very interesting topics about music in general, and we hope all who read it will enjoy it.

Erim and the rest of the band
From left to right Jim Miranda on Congas, Arturo Ramirez on Timbales, Erim Kardes on bass, Mark Trejo on Trumpet, Andy Garcia on Trombone, Gustavo Del Pino on piano, Marisol Echegoyen on Vocals, Luis Jimenez on vocals

Erim and Gustavo’s beginnings in music

The first to take the floor was Gustavo, who told us that he started playing piano at the age of six. His father played the saxophone and his mother played the piano, but they saw music only as a hobby and were not professional musicians. Throughout his childhood in Peru, he listened to a lot of Latin music at family gatherings, so six years later, at about age 12, he was already performing in front of crowds. Among his family’s most loved artists were El Gran Combo from Puerto Rico, Héctor Lavoe, and Rubén Blades.

After that, he studied classical music in a conservatory, and when he finally moved to the United States and met Erim and the rest of his bandmates, he studied at Berklee College of Music in Boston.

In Erim’s case, he said he started playing the guitar when he was 14 years old in Turkey, the country where he grew up. Like Gustavo, no one in his family was a musician, but that did not stop them from listening to Turkish music all the time, and it was from there that he started to like it beyond entertainment.

By the age of 20, he became interested in Latin music and began experimenting with it. He was in graduate school studying engineering in Los Angeles, where he had been living for some time, and taking some jazz courses at the University of California. One of his professors was the one who finally introduced him to Latin music, and he liked it so much that he never separated from it again. One of his most important teachers was legendary bassist from the band Weather Report, Alphonso Johnson.

Erim and the rest of the band
From left to right Jim Miranda on Congas, Arturo Ramirez on Timbales, Erim Kardes on bass, Mark Trejo on Trumpet, Andy Garcia on Trombone, Gustavo Del Pino on piano, Marisol Echegoyen on Vocals, Luis Jimenez on vocals
Erim and the band
From left to right: ERNESTO VALENZUELA on Congas, Joseph Dubois on Trumpet, Andy Garcia on Trombone, Marisol Echegoyen on Vocals, Arturo Ramirez on Timbales, Erim Kardes on bass, Gustavo Del Pino on Piano, Luis Jimenez on Vocals

Professional start for both

Coming back to Gustavo, he told us that when he completed his studies at Berklee, he began to get his first jobs as a professional musician. He started making small tours with some of the classmates alongside whom studied there and was involved in the recording of a few albums, but as a session musician. He did not yet have a formal band to be part of, but he did play with some Argentine, Colombian, and Peruvian artists and musicians. Some of them were Colombian singer Alejandra Jimenez “Alea” and the Peruvian band Perú Meztizo.

On the other hand, Erim told us that he first played bass in rock bands in college. He also played funk and jazz in Los Angeles for some time.

Foundation of Los Calicubanos

Erim created the idea of Los Calicubanos and eventually founded the band. The group, as it is known now, was officially launched in August 2025, i.e. that this month would be its first anniversary. Once he knew what he wanted, he placed online ads looking for a pianist to join him, which is when Gustavo contacted him and was tested until finally staying with the job.

At that same time, he met percussionist Arturo Ramírez, so the three of them got together in June 2025, and officially launched Los Calicubanos in August of the same year. They were later joined by conga player Jim Miranda, singer Luis Jiménez, singer Marisol Echegoyen, trombonist Andy García, trumpeter Mark Trejo, and trumpeter Joseph Dubois.

Musical director Erim Kardes
This is music director for Los Calicubanos Erim Kardes

Erim has been in California for the last 25 years and also traveled twice to Cuba, which led him to discover rhythms that fascinated him and changed his perspective on music completely. Therefore, he decided to combine “California” with “Cuba” because of the mix he wanted to make as a result of the music he discovered in both places.

Upcoming events

Los Calicubanos do not have any tours scheduled at this time, but they do have many important performances, such as the LA Jazz Festival, concerts at restaurants, and a few private events.

As for new releases, they are currently writing completely original music and making new arrangements, but they want to have a fair amount of material ready before entering the studio to record.

Read also: Puerto Rican Trombonist and percussionist Arturo Vazquez Jr. from Projecto 7 Salsa & Latin Jazz Band

Hector Rivera ‘‘Riverita’’ tells the story of how he created Riverita Y Su Orquesta Noche Caliente

After several attempts, we finally managed to meet with bandleader and saxophonist Héctor Rivera, known in the industry as Riverita, and ask him all kinds of questions about his artistic career and his current group, Riverita y Su Orquesta Noche Caliente.

Here are some of the most important issues we touch with the artist during our pleasant conversation:

Riverita posing for the camera

Riverita’s inspiration to become a musician

Despite not having musicians in his family, Riverita remembers growing up in an environment where music was always very present. He was born in New York, but spent long periods living with his grandparents in Puerto Rico while his parents settled down and eventually moved to the “Island of Enchantment” to give their son greater stability.

At his grandparents’ house, he used to listen to great artists of the time performing their unforgettable hits on the radio and one of them was Mon Rivera Y Su Orquesta performing “Karakatis-ki,” a song he never forgot, along with so many other musical pieces that gradually got him interested in this world. When his parents returned to Puerto Rico and he returned to live with them, he started listening to Cheo Feliciano, Pete “El Conde” Rodríguez, Felipe Rodríguez, and many others.

All these rhythms led the boy to play a sort of percussion on the table, a biscuit tin, or anything else that served as an instrument for him at the time.

His passion for music grew to the point that he began studying music education at the Escuela Libre de Música in Ponce and, subsequently at the Inter-American University of Puerto Rico in San Germán, where he studied for only about two years. Although he did not complete his studies, this helped him to understand even more the profession and apply what he learned during those years.

Danny, Riverita, and Jose
Riverita with two maracas

Being in Puerto Rico, he played with a merengue orchestra whose name he does not remember, but with which he learned to play alto saxophone professionally. After that, he moved to the United States permanently.

Year 2013

As he moved to Virginia, he took a long break from music until 2013, which is when his cousin, Michael Valladares, asked Riverita to found an orchestra, which was not in his plans. However, he accepted the challenge and carried forward the project.

Back then, the artist worked as a mailman at a post office, making it difficult for him to reconcile his previous professional activities with the direction of an orchestra. Still, he did not allow that to discourage him and chose to give priority to this new ensemble.

It all started when Michael was looking for an orchestra to perform at a gala event to celebrate 500 years of the city of Melbourne, Florida, so he contacted Riverita and proposed him to create an orchestra in which he would serve as musical director for the sole purpose of performing there. That was when the saxophonist set about finding musicians and producing a repertoire, which was not easy, since he did not know any professional musicians and did not have any arrangements he could use.

Danny, riverita, and Jose
Danny Rivera Jr., Riverita, and Jose Reyes

He was so distressed that he spent sleepless nights thinking about how to proceed to complete the mission entrusted to him. With three months to go, he had no time to spare. That is when he managed to make contact with a group of musicians of different nationalities, of whom only the singer, José Reyes, continues to work with him.

Finally, he relaunched the project with a new group of musicians—since the previous ones had left and called it Orquesta Noche Caliente, a name that it still bears today.

Among the most frequently recurring members, we can mention singer José Reyes, singer Danny Rivera Jr., pianist Kevin Figueroa, and trombonist Derick Harris.

To date, they have recorded three CDs and 26 songs. Some of them are “Noche Caliente,” “En Tiempos de Bolero,” and “Mi Linda Música.” They are also preparing their Christmas song several months in advance and will name it “Rabito de Lechón.”

Read also: Cuban-American dancer and actress Jessica Pacheco presents us her own dance company Flamenco Tropical

We’ve talked with Elizabeth Meeker Howard, one of the members of Las Sabrosas Latin Orchestra

On other occasions, we talked to all-female musical groups to promote the tremendous female talent we have in Latin music. The amazing artist we talked to this time is no exception.

We are very happy to chat with trumpeter Elizabeth Meeker Howard, who told us about her fascinating project, Sabrosas Latin Orchestra, and some other aspects of her career worth mentioning. 

Elizabeth posing for the camera
Trumpeter and music teacher Elizabeth Meeker Howard posing for the picture

How Elizabeth started her career

The artist began her story telling us that some members of her family are involved into arts as is the case of her grandmother, who was a professional musician. Similarly, her parents instilled in her a love for music, so the young girl developed an appreciation about this world from an early age to the point that she joined the school band in fourth grade. She and her classmates were given the opportunity to choose their own instrument, so she chose the drums, but she soon discovered that it was not what she wanted to play.

When she was about nine years old, she began playing the trumpet and a little piano, but she would never use the latter professionally. 

In adulthood, she began studying classical music, specifically, classical trumpet, at Yale University, but she knew she wanted to do something that would appeal much more to the public and make people dance and have fun, which is when salsa came into play. During her academic training, she experimented with other genres such as pop and its derivatives, but that was not what she was looking for her professional future. Today, she plays salsa, funk, rock, and even mariachi quite skillfully.

She also earned her bachelor of music in the área of classical trumpet from Boston University, and later earned a master’s degree in the same subject from Yale.

The members of Sabrosas Latin orchestra and Manny Cepeda
The members of Sabrosas Latin Orchestra with composer, percussionist, and singer Manny Cepeda

Beginning of her professional career

Elizabeth’s professional career as a musician began in high school, as she was hired for various small events. In college, she played with various bands and on projects of others, but she was not a regular member of any of them, and that situation continued even after she graduated from college. At that time, she was already working with salsa orchestras.

Once in San Diego, he learned everything he knows today about salsa, as this genre unfortunately is not taught in conservatories, as it happens with classical music and jazz. He added that “the only way to know salsa as a musician is to play in salsa bands. That’s how I learned: joining these groups.”

She does not deny that classical music offers a solid musical training to anyone who wants to study it, learn how to read music, transcribe it, and play the trumpet. If someone gives her a score, she is perfectly capable of playing that music, but it is also important for her to learn how to play that specific style. In the case of salsa, the artist says that it has some nuances that cannot be read in a score, so the attention should be paid to many details such as the joints between notes and the quality if the sound, which are only learned by listening to records and playing with musicians who are good at that style.

Elizabeth and the rest of the orchestra
From top to bottom: Elizabeth Meeker Howard, April Leslie, Shirley Coggon, Monica Saenz, Tomo Vida, Justine Dolorfino-Thieman, Mariela Contreras, Alyssa Keene, Monette Moreno, and Janet Thornton Realtor

Las Sabrosas Latin Orchestra

One of the things that spurred the creation of Las Sabrosas Latin Orchestra was the small number of women playing salsa, especially together, so she and other like-minded female artists began meeting up to rehearse and see how they sounded. At first, they were not sure enough how large or small the group would be, but eventually the girls who were already involved invited others to join, which resulted in a large salsa orchestra. Their official debut was scheduled for shortly before the pandemic, so it all got delayed a bit, but once the restrictions of that time fell, they were more than ready to start playing.

Something Elizabeth wanted to emphasize is that people have always been very supportive of them and showed much interest in the project due to the novelty of what they offered and the quality of their performance, which remains even today.

Music teaching

Besides being part of an orchestra, Elizabeth also teaches music at the university level and has led numerous student bands and ensembles, which has given her the experience needed to serve as musical director for various projects. Thanks to what she learned, she knows what can make a group succeed or fail.

Teaching and her work with Sabrosas complement each other perfectly, and one helps her be better every day at the other, which is why she speaks about both activities as a whole in her career.

Read also: Edgardo Cambon will celebrate his 40-year career at Yerba Buena Gardens

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International Salsa Magazine (ISM) is a monthly publication covering salsa activities around the world and has been publishing since 2007. It is a worldwide network of volunteers coordinated by ISM Magazine. Together, we work to strengthen salsa events around the world.