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From Repression to Liberation through Salsa
Interview with Isidra Mencos, Author of Promenade of Desire, A Barcelona Memoir
By Luis Medina
Isidra Mencos is the author of the engrossing, page-turning book, Promenade of Desire, A Barcelona Memoir. This book is a frank, honest and revealing coming of age story as a young woman in the transitional period marking the end of the Franco dictatorship to political freedom in Spain. It chronicles her formative experiences growing up with her family, embracing her sexuality, her relationships with men, discovering her liberation through Salsa music and finding herself.
LM: In your memoir Promenade of Desire, you describe your fascination with Salsa music as a liberating force during your coming of age as a young woman. Why Salsa music?
IM: I grew up in Spain under a dictatorship closely allied to the Catholic church. It was a very repressive atmosphere, not only politically but also culturally and sexually. From a very young age I learned to associate sensuality and pleasure with shame and guilt, so I felt disconnected with my body.
When the dictator died in 1975, I was 17 years old and in college. Spain transitioned to democracy and the culture went from repression to liberation and hedonism. That’s when I discovered Salsa music and dancing. From the moment I heard Salsa for the first time, I knew it was the music I had waited for my whole life. Although I didn’t know the steps, I was instinctively in sync with the beat.
Salsa allowed me to reconnect with my body and my sensuality in a guilt and shame-free way. It opened the door to a new me, a young woman aware and accepting of her body’s needs and desires. I fell in love with the great Salsa icons of the 70s, from the Fania All Stars to Rubén Blades, and Los Van Van. I went dancing three or four nights a week, until 5 a.m. I couldn’t get enough.
Salsa scene in the eighties
LM: What was the nascent Salsa scene like in Barcelona in the eighties?
IM: Salsa was not yet popular in Barcelona, where I grew up. Spain had been very isolated from other countries during the dictatorship and did not have significant immigration until the mid-70s so the exposure to this music had been limited. When I started dancing in 1977, there was only one dump of a club in the red light district, appropriately named Tabú, full of seedy characters. I was there all the time.
In the 80s Salsa started to gain traction and a few other places popped up. A very famous one at the time was Bikini, which was in a more bourgeois, safer area, and had two rooms, one for Salsa and one for Rock. Every single night the DJ would end the gig with “Todo tiene su final” with Hector Lavoe and Willie Colón. I loved it.
By the time I left Spain in 1992 there were four or five clubs dedicated to Salsa, and live concerts with iconic figures had started to come to the city. There were also Catalan bands that played salsa standards, like Orquesta Platería and others.
LM: What was the popular music in Spain at that time?
IM: Rock and punk were the most popular. Punk represented the rebellious spirit of the youth, who had grown oppressed and now had the freedom, in the new democracy, to be outrageous and excessive without consequences. A very famous punk group was Alaska y the Pegamoides.
LM: Your ex-boyfriend Abili was a prominent pioneer in promoting Salsa Music in Barcelona during that era. Can you describe the triumphs and challenges that he had promoting Salsa music?
IM: Abili had fallen in love with Salsa before me. He was a journalist by profession and had come into some money due to a labor dispute. He decided that he would invest that money into making Salsa as popular as any other type of music in Barcelona. He produced concerts with Salsa greats like Rubén Blades, Eddie Palmieri, Ray Barreto, Luis Perico Ortiz and others, who came to Spain for the first time. Unfortunately, he was a bit ahead of his times. There wasn’t still a big enough audience to fill in the venues, and he lost a lot of money. That said, he was a major contributor to popularizing Salsa in Barcelona. For example, he ran a weekly Thursday salsa night for a few years at a club, with a live band (Catalan players) and a DJ, and you could see the club filling up more and more every week.
He later got involved with one of the major Salsa spaces in Barcelona, El Antilla, programming the live bands and promoting the scene.
LM: You have visited Barcelona throughout the years since you immigrated to the United States. What are the differences that you have seen in the Barcelona salsa scene?
IM: Salsa is now very well established in the city, in part due to the increasing numbers of Latin American immigrants who started coming in the 80s and the 90s. There was a big wave of Cuban immigration starting in the 90s which changed the direction of Salsa in the city, making timba and rueda very popular, for example.
Salsa was also taken on by several bands which mixed Catalans with Latina American immigrants, and produced great music, such as Lucrecia or, nowadays, Tromboranga.
That said, when I go back now I notice that there are less venues that offer live bands on a regular basis. It’s more of a DJ scene with dance instructors.
LM: In the book, you described Salsa music as a passionate force in your life as you dealt with your family, relationships with different men, sexuality, and the transition in Spain from Franco’s era of dictatorship and repression to freedom and democracy. What do you want the reader to take from reading your book?
IM: I think we all have repressed one or more parts of ourselves from childhood on, in order to be accepted by our parents, our teachers, our friends, our bosses…. My memoir is an inspirational tale about finding a way to reclaim the parts of yourself that have been hidden and becoming a whole person again.
Read also: The multifaceted artist Yamila Guerra and all her projects
From Cali, Colombia, “La Crítica Orquesta” by Harold Estrada
With a unique, impacting, dynamic sound and with an explosion of musical energy, “La Crítica Orquesta” of Harold Estrada comes to us in this delivery, directly from the city of Cali, Colombia; who presents to the world, a different proposal with a clear and forceful message of much social sense in his interpretations. In a brief conversation we had with its director Harold Estrada, a young musician of great experience with Colombian Orchestras, he shared with us aspects of this successful group from Caleña.
Welcome Harold to International Salsa Magazine “The Only Salsa Magazine in the World”. First of all, tell us: since what date does “La Crítica Orquesta” come out? Thank you Professor Carlos Colmenárez, for the wonderful invitation that you make us from your city Barquisimeto, in our sister Venezuela, with a fraternal greeting and thus let us know a little more through you and this prestigious media; because let me tell you friend, that the Orchestra begins to sound since 2012, with an enterprising, constructive, quality and very professional work, in search of an authentic sound that identifies it and allows it to take its rightful place in the salsa environment here in Colombia and internationally.
And in these 10 years of trajectory, have you had important participations in events and festivals? Indeed Professor Carlos, we had the honor of being present at the World Salsa Festival 2012 and also in the fairs of Cali, likewise several departments of the country have witnessed this magnificent evolution, seeking to remember the essence and expression of salsa Caleña with that characteristic sound and Orchestras that left their mark on the Afro-Caribbean and Colombian music.
Harold friend I understand that you develop a social and musical work in the city of Cali, tell us… Yes, our orchestra is developing and forming a “Collective of salsa to the street”, which is a program that is ready to rescue the Caleña culture, with the purpose of safeguarding the salsa in the city.
Which international artists have been accompanied so far by “La Crítica Orquesta”. Carlos, we have had the privilege of accompanying here in Colombia salsa artists of the stature of: Rafu Warner, Luigi Texidor, Chamaco Rivera, Ruben Sierra, Julio Lopez, Manny Fuentes, and more, demonstrating the musical support of the group.
What is the mission of “La Crítica Orquesta”? We are convinced that our mission is to make quality music for the enjoyment of the people, for the delight of the dancer and the ear of the music lover, but especially, music to free the spirit and cheer the soul.
Who are the members of the Orchestra? “La Crítica Orquesta”, is conformed by: Harold Estrada (conductor and conguero), Oscar Eduardo González (Trumpeter), Cruz Ramón Mayora (Bongos player), Andrés Holguín (Trumpeter), Ramiro Lennis (Singer), Leo Bonilla (Trombonist), Andrés Felipe Silva (Bassist), Marco Felipe Ramírez (Timbalero), Carlos Alberto Cruz and Harrison Muñoz (Singers), Mauricio Bastidas (Saxophonist), Jerry Alejandro Figueroa (Pianist), Gregorio Gómez (Singer), by the way our bongos player, is Venezuelan, born in the city of Naiguatá, but since he was a child he lives in the city of Barquisimeto, to which soon will be back, the experienced and excellent musician Cruz Ramón Mayora Medina.
As for productions, have you already recorded some? Yes Professor Carlos, we already have several songs and even videos on Youtube for the knowledge of all. And these are the titles, composers, arrangers and performers: “Cannabis”, this is the most recent single recorded just a month ago, with lyrics by: Einar Flores and in the arrangements Andrés Silva, both Colombians. “Canallón”, lyrics by Einar Flores (Colombia) and arrangements by Pedro Cruz, (Dominican Republic). “Dale Duro”, composer and arranger Luis Cabezas (Venezuelan), the interpreters are: Carlos Cruz, Harold Aguirre and Adrián Barragán, respectively.
Excellent friend Harold and the social networks of the Orchestra. On Youtube you can reach us as: Orquesta la Crítica de Harold Estrada, Instagram: lacriticadeharoldestrada and Facebook: lacriticaorquestacali; for bookings you can contact us at: +573147800543.
Upcoming concerts or events? We will be present God willing at the “Concierto Circulación”, on November 26 and also at the Cali Fair.
Thank you for accepting the invitation, brother and friend Harold Estrada and the whole Orchestra, for us it was an honor to have you in International Salsa Magazine salsagoogle.com, and from here we wish the greatest success to “La Crítica” of Colombia, a group that undoubtedly, is putting well in high the Salsa made in Cali.
The privilege is ours, Professor Carlos Colmenárez, and from Colombia, we will transmit you the best wishes of the Orchestra and the whole country, so that you continue to make known the salsa talent of your beloved Venezuela as well as of all the Salseros in the world. Thank you a thousand times for the support you give to “La Crítica Orquesta”, and on behalf of all its members, we send you blessings and wish you many successes and long life. You, the social communicators are a key factor to promote and publicize the musical work for Salsa made with quality and international flavor for the dancers and connoisseurs of the genre.
Until next time and we continue salseando…!
You can read: Henry Valladares, a brilliant, versatile, and disciplined percussionist
Joe Arroyo was an excellent Colombian singer and composer of salsa and tropical music
On November 1st, 1955, Alvaro José Arroyo González, better known as “Joe Arroyo”, was born in Cartagena de Indias, Colombia.
He was an excellent Colombian singer and composer of salsa and tropical music, considered one of the greatest interpreters of music in his country.
His songs were national and international hits, he won multiple Gold records throughout his career, among them, 18 Gold Congos and Super Congos won in the Festival of Orchestras of the Carnival of Barranquilla.
Among his most relevant songs are “La rebelión”, “Tania”, “Mary”, “En Barranquilla me quedo”, “El Ausente”, “Tumbatecho”, “Centurión de la Noche”, “Manyoma”, “La noche”, “La rumbera”, “La guarapera”, “El trato”, “Con Gusto y Ganas”, among others.
In November 2011, Arroyo won the Latin Grammy award for best singer/songwriter at the 2011 Latin Grammy ceremony.
Born and raised in the Nariño neighborhood of Cartagena, Arroyo began his career at a very early age, when from the age of eight he sang in bars and brothels in Tesca, the tolerance zone of his hometown.
In his early days he sang with groups such as Los Caporales del Magdalena, Manuel Villanueva y su Orquesta and the Supercombo Los Diamantes (the last two in 1970); in 1971 he recorded with La Protesta.
To look back, he started with the song “Manyoma”, which is Fruko’s, but has my arrangements. That’s where that hit was born, but it really came on strong when I had been with my band for four years. It is a sound that has soka, salsa, African sounds, cumbia, sea breeze and a 50% that comes from me but I have no fucking idea what it is.
Joe Arroyo commenting on the origins of joesón.
In 1973 he got his big break when he signed for Discos Fuentes after the producer, author and artistic director of Discos Fuentes, Isaac Villanueva, in the Suri Salcedo park in Barranquilla, was struck by a “pelao” who sang with the vibe of Cuban Celia Cruz. The announcer Mike Char had recommended him to Fruko and told him that he could see him in action at the El Escorpión stand, in the Pradomar (Atlántico) beach resort, as the voice of the house orchestra, La Protesta.
On Sunday Villanueva was there. And it caused him more impact. He spoke with Leandro Boiga, director of La Protesta, and obtained permission to take him to rehearse days later to Medellín. Thus Joe Arroyo joined Fruko y sus Tesos, an orchestra with which he achieved great fame and with which he recorded uninterruptedly until 1981.
Between 1974 and 1975 he performed with Los Líderes (Los barcos en la bahía), between 1976 and 1981 with The Latin Brothers (La guarapera), in 1976 with Los Bestiales, in 1978 with Pacho Galán (Volvió Juanita) and with La Sonora Guantanamera, and in 1980 with Los Titanes.13 He also sang in other groups such as Piano Negro, Afro Son, Los Rivales, Los Bestiales, Wanda Kenya, los Hermanos Zuleta, el Binomio de Oro, Juan Piña, Mario Gareña, Gabriel “Rumba” Romero, Claudia Osuna, Claudia de Colombia, Oscar Golden, Yolandita y los Carrangueros, among others.
In 1981 he founded his own orchestra, La Verdad, with which he dedicated himself to mixing diverse musical influences, mainly salsa with coastal music (cumbia, porro, chandé, among others) and with diverse Caribbean rhythms (socca, reggae) until he created his own rhythm, the “joesón”.
Some of the hits recorded with La Verdad are classics of the coastal music that earned him many awards and being considered the King of the Carnival of Barranquilla, where he won 10 Gold Congos and a Gold Supercongo (created especially for him) in the Festival of Orchestras.
One of his biggest hits was “La Rebelión” (1986), a song that tells the story of an African couple, slaves of a Spaniard, in Cartagena de Indias in the 17th century.
The piano solo, played by Chelito De Castro, and Arroyo’s soneos made “La Rebelión” an immediate hit that is still danced to at parties and discotheques throughout the continent.
In Mexico the same phenomenon happened since the song was first published in the LP “Tequendama de Oro Volumen 7” by Discos Peerless in 1987 and its LP “Joe Arroyo y su Orquesta La Verdad, Grandes éxitos”, still to this date the song is very popular in the sonidero movement.
Other of Joe Arroyo’s most successful songs were “El Caminante”, “Confundido”, “Manyoma”, “Tania” (dedicated to his daughter) and “El Ausente”, all recorded with Fruko.
The album “Fuego en mi mente” (1988) contains songs with influences from African music and contemporary salsa. With “La guerra de los callados” (1990), he made his first Spanish tour. In 1993 he released “Fuego” and played again in Spain.
Joe Arroyo recorded with Discos Tropical (1970-1971), Discos Fuentes (1973-1990) and Discos Sony (1991-2002). After an 11-year stint with Discos Sony, he returned to Discos Fuentes in Medellín in 2003, where he recorded his latest works: “Se armó la moña en carnaval” (2004), “Mosaico de trabalenguas” (2006) and “El Super Joe” (2007).
Joe Arroyo is one of the five Colombians who have appeared on the cover of Rolling Stone magazine.
Since the early 1980s, Joe Arroyo suffered multiple health problems that prevented him from touring and for which he was considered dead several times.
On September 7, 1983, he was presumed dead after suffering from a retrospective thyroid condition that kept him away from the stage. In 2000, he nearly died in Barcelona due to a diabetic coma and pneumonia.9
His medical history recorded ischemia, renal and motor problems and difficulty singing. In some concerts he even had to be helped up on stage due to weakness and disorientation.
In 1997, despite his health problems, he made a special appearance in the soap opera Perro Amor.
The singer’s health was affected on April 26, 2011 and he was hospitalized since late June 2011 in the clinic La Asunción de Barranquilla in intensive care for a clinical picture of hypertensive crisis, ischemic heart disease and diabetes mellitus with simple decompensation.
He was connected to an artificial respirator, underwent dialysis and a tracheotomy. His condition caused him to be considered dead on social networks, which was denied by both his relatives and the hospital.
All this took place in the midst of a controversy between the singer’s former family (his ex-wife Mary Luz Alonso and his children) and his friends, who considered that Joe was being exploited by his wife Jacqueline Ramón and his musical representative, who claimed that Joe Arroyo was not suffering from major health problems and announced his early return to the stage.
He died on July 26, 2011, at 7:45 (UTC -5), at La Asunción clinic in Barranquilla due to a cardiorespiratory arrest, as a result of a multiorgan failure (high blood pressure, infections, kidney problems) that had kept him in intensive care since Monday, June 27 of the same year.
He was buried on July 27, 2011 at the Jardines de la Eternidad cemetery in Puerto Colombia.
On October 19, 2011, his body was transferred to a special area for illustrious characters in the Jardines de la Eternidad cemetery.
On December 17, 2011, the Mayor’s Office of Barranquilla unveiled a statue of Joe Arroyo in the Musicians’ Park.
Arroyo had signed with Cenpro TV to produce a miniseries about his life, once Alejo, la búsqueda del amor of Caracol Televisión was finished, but in 2000 Cenpro TV went bankrupt after the crisis of public TV in Colombia.
Between June and December 2011 RCN channel aired a telenovela based on the singer’s life called El Joe “La Leyenda”. Sadly the singer passed away during the broadcast of the series.
After his death, Jacqueline Ramón and Mary Luz Alonso (two of Arroyo’s ex-wives) decided to build two museums respectively. Jacqueline’s museum will exhibit various items that stood out during her musical career, such as the 18 Golden Congos won at the Barranquilla Carnival.
In the future, the museum is expected to be moved to a more appropriate location, once the approval of the Ministry of Culture has been obtained.
A wax statue designed by an American sculptor will also be exhibited there.
The other museum, located in the home of Mary Luz Alonso Llanos and her daughters Eykol and Nayalibe Arroyo, will also feature articles, photos and other Congos de Oro, in addition to a statue.
In July 2011, the Mayor’s Office of Barranquilla decided to name one of the stations of the city’s mass transit system, Transmetro, “Estación de Retorno Joe Arroyo”, in tribute to the singer’s musical legacy. According to the then Manager of Transmetro, Manuel Fernández Ariza, the Joe Arroyo station is the most important station of the integrated transportation system.
On March 1, 2012, a Colombian scientist discovered a new species of bee on the Colombian Caribbean Coast that was named in honor of the singer, the Geotrigona Joearroyoi.
On the same day of Joe Arroyo’s death, singer Checo Acosta composed “Adiós Centurión” while on a trip from Medellín to Barranquilla.
The video and song were released months later. Another song that paid tribute to him was titled El Rey Del Carnaval, with the participation of Juan Carlos Coronel, Petrona Martínez, Checo Acosta himself, the pianist and singer Chelito de Castro, Ricardo El Pin Ojeda, who was timbalero of the orchestra La Verdad and also with Eykol Tato Arroyo, daughter of the Maestro. This song was included in the commemorative album made by Cervecería Águila.
You can read: November 22nd International Musician Day
Irakere was a Cuban group that developed an important work in Cuban popular music and Latin Jazz under the direction of Chucho Valdés
Irakere was formed as such in 1967 but had begun to work much earlier; in that year precisely they went to a selection called in Havana to organize with the best musicians of that time the Cuban Orchestra of Modern Music; already in 1972 they were approaching to what they currently produce deciding in 1973 to call it Irakere, which in Yoruba language means Vegetation and that is how, starting from its name, they work based on the Afro-Cuban musical roots.
In this way, through the combination, mixture and interrelation of classical, impressionism, jazz, rock and various compositional techniques they managed to walk through all styles such as dance music, concert, traditional and popular Cuban music.
Thanks to the impulse of pianist Chucho Valdés, the Cuban group Irakere took off in 1973, nourished by Thelonious Monk’s bop.
Founders
Grupo Irakere: It was founded in Havana in 1973, by:
Jesús Valdés(Chucho) composer, director and pianist;
Paquito D’Rivera (Paquito), alto and tenor saxophone, flute and clarinet;
Carlos Averhoff, tenor saxophone, soprano, flute and bass clarinet;
Jorge Varona, trumpet, trombone and percussion;
Carlos del Puerto, bass, bass guitar and tuba;
Carlos Emilio Morales, guitar;
Bernardo García, drums and batá drums;
Jorge Alfonso, batá drums;
Enrique Plá, drums;
Carlos Barbón, güiro, chekeré and tambourine; and
Oscar Valdés, singer, tumbadora (conga), batá drums and bongo.
On the founding of Irakere, Chucho Valdés expressed:
“For us the group always existed, it was present at all times; it was like something pending. At the beginning it had no name, it was just an idea we were working on: to use Cuban folkloric percussion in dance music, and to look for different timbres with a common characteristic: “ours”.
Then Oscar Valdés came up with the idea of combining the not easy and little known batá drum with the tumbadora, güiro and cowbell and so, step by step we arrived at the current group…”.
About Irakere’s first stage, the musicologist Leonardo Acosta points out: “one of the successes of Irakere had been not to try to invent and identify itself with a “new rhythm”, according to the old guidelines of advertising so much used from the forties to the sixties.
The slogan about the “new rhythm” was until recently the “open sesame” on which the musicians counted to become famous overnight, and by that way sometimes quite commercial results were achieved.
Apart from the fact that no “new rhythm” is so new, they all come from the alteration or amalgamation of pre-existing rhythms.
Irakere’s only alchemy comes from the spontaneous creativity of its members. Since there is no commercial endeavor, laboratory practices are unnecessary, and the group can perform a contradanza, a danzón, a son montuno or a cha cha chá without fear of seeming “old-fashioned”, since they are in fact playing something else at the same time. And without setting themselves the goal, nor having to invent a “pega” name, almost by an imperative of the material they are working on, new rhythmic combinations are emerging, to the point that Irakere’s rhythm is unmistakable among Cuban listeners or dancers.
Certainly, and in spite of their triumphs in international jazz festivals, Irakere is not a jazz group. But these successes are not gratuitous either, because as we have seen, they have formidable musicians with great experience in the jazz field, especially in the aspect of improvisation, the great discovery of jazz and perhaps its greatest contribution to the music of the 20th century.
“Paquito D’Rivera: Irakere was born against the will of the Cuban authorities”.
When talking about Cuban music, the name of one of the most emblematic groups in the country’s musical history comes to mind, Irakere, which in Yoruba language means vegetation, jungle.
Irakere became the seed that would germinate a lush forest of rhythms and sounds, a school through which many of the great stars of Cuban music have paraded.
Founded more than four decades ago, this legendary band has been a pioneer of Afro-Cuban jazz and the initiator of the musical revolution in the seventies.
Irakere emerged at a time when, due to political demands on the island, music and culture were treated as an instrument of revolutionary identification and jazz was branded as imperialist music.
It was at this time, in the late sixties and early seventies, that a group of great musicians founded a band whose main goal was to enrich Cuban popular dance music with Latin jazz as essential elements.
Under the direction of the outstanding pianist Jesús “Chucho” Valdés, excellent musicians came together in search of a different sonority, based on the use of Afro-Cuban folkloric percussion together with the renewed timbres of the popular rhythms of the time that fused jazz, rock, funk and popular Cuban rhythms such as son, mambo or cha cha chá, together with classical or concert music.
“Irakere was the Musical Generation of change”.
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